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Essay On Topic Science And Future
Tuesday, August 25, 2020
Strategic Management Analysis Managing change Essay
Key Management Analysis Managing change - Essay Example For the situation concentrates viable, we will see two sorts of associations - one neighborhood open division association and the other a private one. Both these associations have been confronting issues because of the changing condition dependent on the elements talked about before. Let us have a large scale level image of the issues looked by each. In our later segments we will likewise talk about the different hypotheses identified with change the board and break down the two associations and their procedures in the light of these speculations. The open part association being talked about is the Haram Commune. A cooperative is the essential degree of the nearby government in Norway. Haram is a territory of one of the areas of Norway, which is confronted with a changing segment profile of its populace. As the territory doesn't have adequate vocation openings, it is confronted with the departure of youthful populace looking for better profession prospects outside Haram bringing about deficiency of youthful, exceptionally taught and gifted labor. The future nearby activity advertise is relied upon to be more information based and thus requires profoundly instructed workforce. The cooperative, which was so far an open help association, expected to change its method of working to make Haram an appealing business goal. We will break down the different methodologies and their results in our later conversation. Our subsequent association, Marks and Spencer, had been effective till 1998. Anyway from that point forward it began confr onting misfortunes by virtue of expanded rivalry, absence of capacity to change with time and hazard shirking procedures. The case later investigations the different methodologies utilized by two CEOs, Holmes and Rose, with the point of turning the organization around. We will examine the different systems in our later areas and furthermore attempt to perceive what could be a practical change the board approach. Writing survey Looking at the significance of progress for todayââ¬â¢s associations, change the board has been a significant subject of study and a great deal of examination has been done in such manner. A few scientists propose a progress change model whereby ââ¬Å"four interlocking administration forms lead toâ⬠execution of feasible change in an association (Paton, Paton and McCalman 2008). These procedures are depicted as â⬠trigger layer, vision layer, change layer and support and reestablishment layer (Paton, Paton and McCalman 2008). Practical change the e xecutives expects associations to recognize and open for change to encash upon circumstances instead of to conquer emergencies. They have to have authority with a dream which builds up and tracks the future course of an association. (Pettigrew and Whipp 1991). This vision ought to be changed over to genuine activities by social event support inside the association. Furthermore,
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Making a Chocolate Cake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Making a Chocolate Cake - Essay Example A birthday or any commemoration isn't finished without an ideal chocolate cake. It is the best with regards to astonishments and festivities. IClosed once can be amazed most by an independent chocolate cake as opposed to any shop heated cake. The fixings required for heating a chocolate cake are on the whole effectively accessible at any close by store. The first and the premier fixings required is margarine, halfway sweet chocolate chips partitioned, universally handy flour, vanilla careful, eggs and sugar. Aside from this squashed sugar, heating pop, salt and water are required all the while. Estimation is significant. For the estimating spoon, estimating cup, a blending bowl and a preparing skillet will be required. The procedure for the most part starts with two cups of semi sweet chocolate chips, three fourth cup or one and a half stick of margarine, one and a half cup of refined sugar, three eggs, two tablespoons of unadulterated vanilla concentrate, two and half cups of univer sally handy flour, one teaspoon of heating pop, half teaspoon salt and one and a half cups of water. At the point when the heating part is done, the cake is currently prepared to get served yet since it is a chocolate cake, finishing it with chocolate is significant. Beautification assumes an incredible job to make the cake look eye-getting. How someone needs to beautify a cake relies upon his/her own inclination. Icing or can basic enhancement should be possible with the dissolved chocolate which can fill the need of icing.... Flour and water are added to make the hitter smooth. Blending is proceeded at this stage. The more drawn out the blending procedure is, the better is the blend and the following stage is progressively helpful. So as to heat the chocolate cake, the preparing dish is set up by showering the vegetable skillet stray. This is generally the most noteworthy part. This shower ensures that the player or blend doesn't stay with the heating container ruining the cake. Next the broiler is preheated at three fifty degree Fahrenheit. The blend arranged is poured now on the preparing container from the electric blend bowl. Regularly forty to forty five minutes heat fills the need. Individual perception in regards to the heating is energetically suggested. The cake is heated until it gets puffy and delectable. A chocolate cake isn't in every case terrible for wellbeing. Actually it should be useful for human heart and such cakes are for the most part favored by ladies and kids. At the point when cho colate cake is made for kids it is smarter to utilize less fillings and chocos and to keep it basic. Anyway for unique events one can explore different avenues regarding high measures of chocolates and sweet things to enhance the cake. Pregnant ladies frequently lean toward the fudge type cakes. A fudge cake is quick to prepare truth be told. Utilizing a wooden spoon or elastic spatula in the preparing procedure is useful. It very well may be made at home and put away in the ice chest. Presently when the heating part is done, the cake is currently prepared to get served however since it is a chocolate cake, designing it with chocolate is significant. Beautification assumes an incredible job to make the cake look eye-getting. How someone needs to design a cake relies upon his/her own inclination. Icing or can basic embellishment should be possible with the dissolved chocolate which can effectively ice. Icing
Friday, July 31, 2020
The Excessive Appetites Theory of Addiction
The Excessive Appetites Theory of Addiction Addiction Addictive Behaviors Print The Excessive Appetites Theory of Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 23, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 10, 2018 Zigy Kaluzny / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery According to psychologist and addictions expert, Jim Orford, addictions can best be understood as appetites that have become excessive through a psychological process. This is a very different perspective from the traditional view of addictions as being primarily driven by an addictive substance that is consumed, such as alcohol, cocaine, or heroin. Jim Orfords approach to understanding addiction was first developed in 1985, with the publication of his ground-breaking book, Excessive Appetites: A Psychological View of Addictions. The second edition of the book was published in 2000. The Key Idea The central idea of the theory is that addictions are types of extreme appetites, rather than forms of dependency on drugs. The five core appetites he identified in the theory are drinking alcohol, gambling, drug taking, eating, and exercise. These examples are chosen as the clearest and best-documented examples of the phenomenon of addiction, all being common and not problematic to many people, but excessive and troubling when strong attachments to them are developed in a minority of people. While the excessive appetites perspective recognizes alcohol and drugs as addictions, they are seen as examples of addictions, rather than capturing the whole experience of addiction per se. In fact, according to this view, the dramatic problems associated with drug addictions have actually clouded our understanding of what is really going on with addictions. Rather than being a purely physiological process, the excessive appetites theory of addiction explains addiction as a complex psychological process, involving a large number of contributing factors. Rather than being a purely physiological process, the excessive appetites theory of addiction explains addiction as a complex psychological process, involving a large number of contributing factors. Factors Involved in the Excessive Appetites Theory The idea that addictions are excessive appetites is different from previous theories in two key ways. Firstly, addiction is described as a largely psychological process, rather than a physical disease. Secondly, addiction can occur in response to a wide range of different behaviors, not just to alcohol and other drugs, which predominate work on addiction. The excessive appetites theory of addiction is one of the strongest and clearest arguments for the existence of behavioral addictions, such as gambling addiction, food addiction and exercise addiction, which are specifically included and explored in the theory. Other behavioral addictions acknowledged include sex addiction, internet addiction, television addiction, video game addiction, and various other compulsive behaviors. He also mentions problematic behaviors such as shoplifting and joyriding as potential addictions. However, perhaps surprisingly, the originator of the theory, Jim Orford, argued against his concept of addiction being extended so far as to dilute the concept, and thereby diminish its importance. While critics of the theory have reduced the idea to absurd levels, as if to invalidate the idea, the suggestion that you can be addicted to everyday activities which have no negative consequences, such as tennis playing or crosswords, is actually missing the point entirely -- the whole point of the theory is that there are negative consequences that cause harm to the individual or to those around them. The person who has an addiction may or may not like the activity, and it is not the liking or disliking that makes it a problem. It is the indulgence of the activity to the degree that it hurts people, and yet the behavior persists, even when the person wants to stop, that is the problem. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs
Friday, May 22, 2020
The Role Of Plastic Surgery For Young Adults - 2341 Words
Maria Ordoà ±ez Lybarger-Monson English 1A November 17, 2014 Young Adulthood When speaking of past there was a great sense of taboo when even considering plastic surgery for adults alone, let alone for young adults. Now though, when speaking of plastic surgery in the modern day and age it is part of the common culture for adults as well as young adults due to the rise in influence through celebrities, media, and pop culture. Susan Gilbert speaks of this growing change of opinion stating In the United States, 205,119 teenagers aged eighteen and younger had cosmetic interventions in 2007, up from 145,094 in 2000, according to the American Society or Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.â⬠which drastically displays the change and growth in the use of plastic surgery for young adults (Gilbert). While it may be the popularized solution to solve oneââ¬â¢s problem by going ââ¬Å"under the knifeâ⬠there are many important factors to consider when making this life altering decision. Especially when it comes to the topic of teenage plastic surgery. While it is a personal choice young adults should not be allowed to make and go through with the choice of plastic surgery without being fully aware of the situation, having a necessity for medical purposes, as well as obtaining full parental aid and consent. When remembering your time as a young adult you may have some unfortunate experiences. Going through your young adult life in those few years is a great struggle. With pop culture idolizing those who areShow MoreRelatedPlastic Surgery: A Symptom of Vanity1092 Words à |à 4 PagesPlastic surgery is...vanity Plastic surgery is a symptom of the vanity of our society. This assertion, of course, may immediately cause some readers to take issue with such a blanket statement. What about individuals who undertake plastic surgery to reconstruct their breasts after a mastectomy, they cry? What about people who have been disfigured in car crashes? Few would take issue with genuine, necessary plastic surgery to correct serious flaws. However, the obsession with physical perfectionRead MorePlastic Surgery Is On The Rise984 Words à |à 4 PagesHideous Trend Liposuction, breast augmentation, rhinoplasty: plastic surgery is on the rise. Without even realizing it, young children, specifically girls, are taught by movies like Cinderella that they should prize beauty. Society continuously values beauty as people of different races and cultures have gone to extremes just for this elegance: from Chinese foot-binding to inflexible corsets from the Victorian times. While plastic surgery existed in ancient times, only recently has it been acceptedRead MoreTeen Cosmetic Surgery is Ugly1059 Words à |à 5 Pagessuch a young age, conformity is not the right decision. Why is it so hard for teens to accept who they are? Why do the feel the need to look and be something or someone there not? What happens when it gets out of control? Is it more than the desire to follow a trend? Answers to these questions are not easily found due to all of the celebrity hype. In the famous Disney movie, High School Musical there is a perfect example. With popular, beautiful girls chasing after handsome young men, itRead MoreSociety s Outlook On Plastic Surgery963 Words à |à 4 Pageson plastic surgery has changed throughout the years; it has become something so common that it is no longer looked down upon on. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons ââ¬Å"15.6 million cosmetic procedures, including both minimally-invasive and surgical, were performed in the United States in 2014, an increase of 3 percent since 2013.â⬠and the rates continue to expand as the years go by. There are so many more surgical procedures that can be done compared to when plastic surgeries beganRead MorePersonal Statement On Self Confidence991 Words à |à 4 Pagesto gain confidence physically and mentally. We can attain self-confidence overtime; we need it in order to be successful in life. Although, it is difficult in our society to attain high level self-e steem due to picture perfect images, plastic surgery, and surreal role models. Low self-esteem is not only in women it is in men; everyone has some sort of low self-esteem because as humans none of us are perfect. Technology has come a long way with the invention of Photoshop and photo editors. IndividualsRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Surgical And Nonsurgical Procedures1293 Words à |à 6 PagesCosmetic plastic surgery is surgical and nonsurgical procedures that reshape the normal body structure in order to improve appearance and self-esteem. Some of the most common cosmetic procedures are breast augmentation, liposuction, and rhinoplasty. Individuals with a healthy mind, positive outlook, and realistic expectations are appropriate candidates for cosmetic procedures. Plastic surgery is a personal choice and should not be done to fulfill someone elseââ¬â¢s desires or to try to fit into an idealRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Women s Body Image1242 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe majority of which are young women, develop their body image in with the ideas advanced by the media, which judge womenââ¬â¢s attractiveness based on how thin they are. Body-image plays a very important role in our indi vidualistic society. Modern beauty image standards which favor thin body image create an unrealistic expectation on young women, often resulting in eating disorders and other destructive practices, like self-harming, unnecessary or elective cosmetic surgery, decreased self-esteem andRead MorePersonal Statement On Self Esteem1090 Words à |à 5 Pagesself-esteem is not only in women it is in men; everyone has some sort of low self-esteem because as humans none of us are perfect. It is difficult, in our society today, to attain high level self-esteem due to picture perfect images, plastic surgery, and surreal role models. Technology has come a long way with the invention of Photoshop and photo editors. With these software programs people can change the way they look physically. Individuals around the world idolize singers, actors, reality starsRead MoreEffects Of Plastic Surgery On Today Society1483 Words à |à 6 PagesPlastic surgery has been around for decade, but now it making a real impact on today society. Many experts believe that itââ¬â¢s the influence of the media or the influence of people around us, which portrays the idea of self-image. There are many views of where plastic surgery makes a big impact like adolescent to middle age years and the media. Self-esteem is major factor of why many women and men receive surgery, however some experts say that this procedure doesnââ¬â¢t boosts confidence, while othersRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Plastic Surgery And Teenagers2046 Words à |à 9 PagesAccording to ââ¬Å"Plastic Surgery Teenagersâ⬠, ââ¬Å"teenagers who want to have plasti c surgery usually have different motivations and goals than adultsâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Plastic Surgery For Teenagers Briefing Paperâ⬠). Thus, meaning that most young adults get cosmetic surgery, which is the reshaping of body parts to improve their physical characteristics. However, changing your physical appearance just because you want to or do not feel pretty enough should not be the case of spending all that money and time on a non-matured
Sunday, May 10, 2020
Alcoholism Is A Major Issue - 1413 Words
Alcoholism is a major issue in the United States and has been for many years. It destroys lives drink by drink. ââ¬Å"It is estimated that between 18 million -- or one in 12 adults -- in the U.S. abuse alcohol or are chronic alcoholics. Nearly 100,000 Americans die each year as a result of alcohol abuse, and alcohol is a factor in more than half of the country s homicides, suicides, and traffic accident (Understanding Alcohol Abuse -- the basics).â⬠Alcoholism is caused by genetic, physical, psychological, environmental, and social factors (O Rouke). It occurs often in high-stress careers, which goes hand in hand in the EMS System. EMS personnel experience high-stress situations on every shift. They jeopardize their own lives to help saveâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The physical dependence on alcohol may or may not be obvious to other people. While some chronic alcoholics get very drunk, others exercise enough control to give the appearance of coping with everyday affairs in a near-normal way (Understanding Alcohol Abuse -- the basics).â⬠EMS personnel see things that can be very hard to cope with. Car accidents, child and elderly abuse, are only some of the traumatic sights Medics see. On occasion, they could even go on a call that involves someone they know, like their family, children, friends, co-workers, or even someone they barely know. With these calls, Medics may be forever changed as well as the people. Many of them end up with severe depression (feelings of severe dependency and dejection), anxiety (feelings of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome), and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (mental health condition thatââ¬â¢s triggered by a terrifying event ââ¬â either experiencing it or witnessing it). These mental health disorders can cause abnormal behavior, alcohol or substance abuse, nightmares, flashbacks, uncontrollable thoughts about the event, and suicide. Alcohol dependence is characterized by increased amounts of alcohol needed to produce an effect, withdrawal symptoms (nausea, sweating, irritability, tremors, hallucinations, and seizures when drinking is stopped or reduced), constant craving for
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Sky Team 2 Free Essays
Team, branded as SKYTEAM, is anà airline allianceà with its centralised management team, SkyTeam Central, based in the World Trade Center Schiphol Airport on the grounds ofà Amsterdam Airport Schipholà inà Haarlemmermeer,à Netherlands. [2][3]à SkyTeam was founded in 2000 byà Aeromexico,à Air France,à Delta Air Linesà andà Korean Airà ââ¬â the last of the three airline alliances to be formed ââ¬â but has grown to become second largest airline alliance in the world (in passenger number terms and members), behindà Star Allianceà and ahead ofà Oneworld.The alliance currently consists of thirteen carriers from four continents, with the sloganà ââ¬Å"Caring more about youâ⬠. We will write a custom essay sample on Sky Team 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now SkyTeam also operates a cargo alliance calledà SkyTeam Cargo. As of October 2010, the alliance and its members have a total workforce of 316,445. [4] In 2004, the alliance had the biggest expansion whenà Continental Airlines,à KLMà andà Northwest Airlinesà joined simultaneously as full members. In 2010, the alliance celebrated its 10thà anniversary with the introduction of aà SkyTeam livery, the joining of and upgrading of status 4 airlines, followed by the announcements ofà Aerolineas Argentinas,à China Eastern Airlines,à China Airlinesà andà Garuda Indonesiaà to become full members. As of October 2010, SkyTeam and its future members flies to 898 in 169 countries. It operates over 12,500 flights with a combined fleet of 3,400 aircraft (including associate carriers). Furthermore, the alliance has 420 lounges worldwide to serve its 385à millionà annual passengers.Besides its passenger-carrying business, SkyTeam also runs a separate cargo alliance ââ¬âà SkyTeam Cargoà ââ¬â which partners eightà carriersà who are all SkyTeam members. Contentsà [hide] * 1à Membership history * 1. 1à Formations and early years * 1. 2à Biggest expansion * 1. 3à 2005ââ¬â2006 * 1. 4à 2007 expansion * 1. 5à 2008ââ¬â2009: Departure of airlines and new initiatives * 1. 6à 10th anniversary * 2à Member airlines * 2. 1à Full members and their member amp; non-member affiliates * 2. à Former members * 2. 3à Future members * 2. 3. 1à Possible future members * 3à SkyTeam Cargo * 4à Benefits and services * 4. 1à Membersââ¬â¢ hubs * 4. 2à Co-locations * 4. 2. 1à Asia * 4. 2. 2à Europe * 4. 2. 3à North America * 4. 3à Premium status * 4. 3. 1à SkyTeam Elite * 4. 3. 2à SkyTeam Elite Plus * 5à SkyTeam special livery * 6à Footnotes * 7à External links| ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- [edit]Membership history [edit]Formations and early yearsAà Delta Air Linesà Boeing 757-200(N717TW)à in the SkyTeam livery On 22 June 2000, representatives of the four founding carriersââ¬âAeromexico,à Air France,à Delta Air Linesà andà Korean Airââ¬âheld a meeting in New York to announce the founding of the thirdà airline alliance, namedà SkyTeamâ⠢. [5]à Upon the formation, SkyTeam, would offer its customers a total of 6402 daily flights to 451 destinations, in 98 countries. In September 2000, the alliance established a cargo alliance,à SkyTeam Cargoâ⠢, as it focuses more on cargo operations.5]à The groupââ¬â¢s inaugural members are Aeromexpress, Air France Cargo, Delta Air Logistics and Korean Air Cargo. The follo wing month, the newly-established airline alliance announced its intentions to grantà CSA Czech Airlinesà membership. [5] The year 2001 saw the joining ofà CSA Czech Airlinesà on 25 March[5]à andà Alitaliaà on 27 July. [6]à On 30 September, the alliance received KLMââ¬â¢s application for membership,[7]à following the airlineââ¬â¢s plans to create a leading airline group with Air France. 7]à In 2003,à Deltaââ¬â¢s subsidiaryà Delta Expressà was replaced byà Song. That same year, SkyTeam also launched an improved website, focused on providing passengers with more information, increased interactivity, and other resources. [8] [edit]Biggest expansion Aà Czech Airlinesà ATR 42à (OK-JFL). The airline was the first recruit following the allianceââ¬â¢s formation On 24 May 2004,à Aeroflot, theà flag carrierà and principal airline of Russia, signed aà Memorandum of Understandingà (MoU) with SkyTeam as it intends to become a full member.The event took place inKremlin, following the airlineââ¬â¢s application earlier in the year for membership. [9][10]à SkyTeam says that Aeroflot has not met the consortiumââ¬â¢s standards, but the airlineââ¬â¢s large hub netw orks makes it ideal for the alliance. [11] On 28 August,à China Southern Airlines, the largest carrier in theà Peopleââ¬â¢s Republic of China, signed a preliminary agreement inà Guangzhou, in its bid to become a full member. 12]à In the presence of a number of Chinese and airline officials, Yan Zhiqing, Chairman of China Southern, said, ââ¬Å"This agreement-signing event is an important step forward into the future for China Southern Airlines to adapt itself to the need of further reforms and opening to the international community, as it will strengthen the airlineââ¬â¢s international cooperation and global competitiveness. â⬠On 13 September,à Continental Airlines,à KLMà andà Northwest Airlinesà joined the alliance. [13][14]à Their simultaneous entry was the largest expansion event in airline alliance history.As a result of the three new members, SkyTeam passedà Oneworldà to become the second largest alliance, serving more than 341à millionà customers with 14,320 daily flights to 658 destinations in 130 countries. [13] [edit]2005ââ¬â2006 Even though member CSA Czech Airlines pledged to helpà Malev Hungarian Airlinesà become an associate member of the alliance (as opposed to a full member, an associate has no voting rights), Malev Hungarian Airlines opted to join theà Oneworldà alliance, signing a Memorandum Of Understanding late in May.A few days later SkyTeam announced four new associate members due to join by 2006, each one being ââ¬Å"sponsoredâ⬠by an existing member:à Madrid-basedà Air Europaà (sponsored byà Air France),à Panama-basedà Copa Airlinesà (sponsored and partly owned byà Continental Airlines),à Kenya Airways(sponsored and partly owned byà KLM) andà Romaniaââ¬â¢sà TAROMà (sponsored byà Alitalia). Every associate adopted aà frequent flyer programà of a full member:à Copa Airlinesà already usedà Continentalââ¬â¢sà OnePassà whileà Kenya Airwaysà andà Air Europausedà Air France-KLMââ¬â¢sà Flying Blue.An Alitalia (the one which succeeds Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane) Boeing 767-300ER, registered as EI-DBP, is seen here in SkyTeamà livery. (2010) Aeroflotà joined on 14 April 2006 following a 24-month joining process since May 2004, the first Russian airline to be associated with an airline alliance. [15][16]à Aeroflot has increased its operational standards, passingà International Air Transport Associationââ¬â¢s (IATA)à Operational Safety Audità (IOSA). Deltaââ¬â¢s subsidiaryà Songà continued to operate asà Delta Air Lines.In June, it was announced thatPortugaliaà would become the allianceââ¬â¢s next associate member candidate, however, in November, rival airline (and Star Alliance member)à TAP Portugal, purchased 99. 81 % of the airline, bringing an end to its candidacy. [17] [edit]2007 expansion On 4 September 2007,à Air Europa,à Copa Airlines,à Kenya Airwaysà became members of SkyTeamââ¬â¢s Associate program, which was launched to serve airlines in strategic regions who are intending to become affiliated with the alliance. 18][19]à China Southern Airlinesà joined SkyTeam on 15 November to become the 11th full member and the first carrier fromà Mainland Chinaà to join SkyTeam. [20]Aeromexicoââ¬â¢s subsidiaryà Aerolitoralà becameà Aeromexico Connect. [edit]2008ââ¬â2009: Departure of airlines and new initiatives Anà Air Franceà Boeing 777-300ER(F-GZNE)à in the special SkyTeam livery, which was unveiled in 2009 Continental Airlinesà andà Copa Airlinesà announced their intentions to move to theà Star Allianceà after Continentalââ¬â¢s final flight with SkyTeam on 24 October 2009. Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italianeà re-launched operations as the newà Alitalia.In 2009, the alliance announced initiatives to wards a centralised management system, based inà Amsterdam. [21]à The consortium also named a new managing director and a timeline outlining the opening of its co-located facilities atà London Heathrow Airport. A new special livery was also unveiled. [21]à On 24 October,à Continental Airlinesà andà Copa Airlinesà simultaneously left SkyTeam,[22]à after which Continental Airlines would joinà Star Allianceà on 27 October. [23]à At the time, it was rumoured that the switch is Continentalââ¬â¢s initial move in its plan of a United-Continental merge. [24] [edit]10th anniversaryTo start off 2010,à Northwest Airlinesà andà Delta Air Linesââ¬â¢s operating certificates were officially combined on 1 January, while on 9 March,à China Southern Airlinesà announced its plans to joinà SkyTeam Cargo. [25]à With membership expected to be granted in November, the airline will be the first Chinese carrier to join a global air cargo alliance. On 16 April,à China Eastern Airlinesà announced its intentions to join the alliance, with the official joining ceremony expected to take place mid-2011. [26]à The announcement came after the airlineââ¬â¢s merge withà Shang hai Airlines, a member of SkyTeamââ¬â¢s rival Star Alliance. On 10 June,à Vietnam Airlinesà became a full member following a joining ceremony held inà Hanoi. [27]à The airline, therefore, became the first SkyTeam carrier from Southeast Asia, whereà Star Allianceà has a strong presence throughà Singapore Airlines. With an extra 20 unique destinations added to SkyTeamââ¬â¢s route map, Vietnam Airlines helps strengthen the allianceââ¬â¢s foothold in the region. [27] On 22 June, theà CEOsà andà Chairmenà of the 13 member airlines gathered in New York to celebrate the allianceââ¬â¢s 10thà anniversary.During its first decade of operation, the worldââ¬â¢s second largest airline alliance more than tripled its membership, doubled it flights and nearly doubled the allianceââ¬â¢s destinations. [28]à On the same day, SkyTeam announced that it had renewed its membership program, thereby upgradingà Air Europaà andà Kenya Airwaysà membership status from associate members to full members,[29][30]à and making TAROM a future full member of the alliance. During the ceremony, the Board outlined its plans to recruit members fromà Latin America,à South Americaà andà India. [28]à Three days later, TAROM officially became a member of SkyTeam. 31]à As part of the celebration, SkyTeam offered reductions of round-the-world fares[32]à and other promotions. Following the 10thanniversary, SkyTeam intends to enhance customersââ¬â¢ travel experience and deepen co-operation among its members to supplement the expansion into regions that are yet to have SkyTeam members. [33] ââ¬Å"| In South America, India and Africa, it is clear there will be a significant battle for positioning to lure good carriers in your alliance. | â⬠| ââ¬âLeo van Wijk, Chairman during a 10th anniversary event of SkyTeam[34]| During the year, Delta Air Lines offeredà US$1. 2 billion toà Japan Airlinesà after theà Asianà airline filed forà bankruptcyà due to US$26 billion debt,[35]à at the same time lobbyingà Oneworldââ¬â¢s largest member in Asia to switch to SkyTeam. [36]à Delta, along withà American Airlines, wanted Japan Airlines to be in their respective alliances to benefit from the U. S. ââ¬âJapanà Open Skies agreement. Eventually, Japan Airlines opted to remain at Oneworld, citing that the transfer to SkyTeam would confuse its passengers, and may not gain anti-trust immunity from U. S. regulators. [37] China Airlines will join SkyTeam as a full member in 2011.On 14 September, in space of 5 months, SkyTeam received its second application for full membership. China Airlines, the flag carrier and largest carrier ofà Republic of China, announced that it has formally started the joining process. [38]à Upon joining, the airlineââ¬â¢s route network will supplement those ofà China Southern Airlinesà andà China Eastern Airlines, allowing cooperation among the three airlines, as well as strengthening SkyTeamââ¬â¢s presence not only in both theà Peopleââ¬â¢s Republic of Chinaà and the Republic of China, but throughout the Asia-Pacific region.The following month, October,à Aerolineas Argentinasà would sign an agreement to officially start the process of becoming the firstà South Americanà SkyTeam member. The airline is set to join in 2012. [39][40][41] On 1 November,à Shanghai Airlinesà switched fromà Star Allianceà to SkyTeam under its parent company, future SkyTeam member, China Eastern Airlines. [42]à This bolstered SkyTeamââ¬â¢s presence in the Peopleââ¬â¢s Republic of China and surrounding areas, making the SkyTeam the number 1 alliance in the region. 43]à Garuda Indonesia, the flag carrier of Indonesia, formally started its joining process on 23 November, and is scheduled to be integrated by 2012. [44]à Upon joining, the airline will become the second Southeast Asian airline to join SkyTeam, therefore challengingà Star Allianceââ¬â¢s dominance in the region throughà Thai Airways Internationalà andà Singapore Airlines. ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- [edit]Member airlines [edit]Full members and their member amp; non-member affiliates Member airline| Country| Joined| Member affiliates| Non-member affiliates| Aeroflot| à Russia| 2006| à Donavia Nordavia| à Rossiya|Aeromexico[A]| à Mexico| 2000| à Aeromexico Connect Aeromexico Travel| ââ¬â| Air Europa| à Spain| 2007| ââ¬â| ââ¬â| Air France[A][B]| à France| 2000| à Brit Air CityJet Regional| à transavia. com Franceà (60%)| Alitalia| à Italy| 2008| à Alitalia Express Air One CityLiner| à Air One Smart Carrier| China Southern Airlines| à China| 2007| ââ¬â| à Chongqing Airlines à Xiamen Airlines| Czech Airlines| à Czech Republic| 2001| ââ¬â| ââ¬â| Delta Air Lines[A]| à United States| 2000| à Delta Connection à Delta Shuttle| à Delta AirElite| Kenya Airways| à Kenya| 2007| ââ¬â| ââ¬â| KLM[B]| à Netherlands| 2004| à KLM Cityhopper| à Martinair à transavia. com transavia. com Franceà (40%) transavia. om Denmarkà (until April 2011)| Korean Air[A]| à South Korea| 2000| ââ¬â| à Jin Air| TAROM| à Romania| 2010| ââ¬â| ââ¬â| Vietnam Airlines| à Vietnam| 2010| ââ¬â| à Cambodia Angkor Air à Vietnam Air Service Company (VASCO)| Aà Founding member[45] Bà Air France and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines are part of the airline holding companyà Air France-KLM[46] [edit]Former members Former member airline| Country| Joined| Exited| Member affiliates| Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane[A]| à Italy| 2001| 2008| à Alitalia Express à Volare Airlines| Continental Airlines[B]| à United States| 2004| 2009| Cont inental Connectionà operated by: à à Cape Air à à Colgan Air à à CommutAir à à Gulfstream International Airlines Continental Expressà operated by: à à Chautauqua Airlines à à ExpressJet Airlines Continental Micronesia| Northwest Airlines[C]| à United States| 2004| 2009| à Northwest Airlink| Aà Alitaliaà re-launched operations inà 2008 Bà Left the alliance to joinà Star Allianceà withà United Airlines Cà Northwest Airlinesââ¬â¢ operating certificate was combined with Delta Air Linesââ¬â¢. Northwest Airlines ceased operating as a separate carrier and all of its flights now operate under the Delta Air Lines name Former member affiliate| Country| Joined| Exited| Member affiliate of| Aerolitoral[A]| à Mexico| 2000| 2007| à Aeromexico|Delta Express[B]| à United States| 2000| 2003| à Delta Air Lines| Song Airlines[C]| à United States| 2003| 2006| à Delta Air Lines| VLM Airlines[D]| à Belgium| 2000| 2009| à Air France| Aà A founding affiliate member and relaunched asà Aeromexico Connect. Bà A founding affiliate member. Replaced by Song Airlines. Cà Songââ¬â¢s operations became part ofà Deltaââ¬â¢s fleet. Dà A founding affiliate member and merged withà CityJet. Former associate member| Country| Joined| Exited| Member affiliates| Copa Airlines[A]| à Panama| 2007| 2009| AeroRepublica| Aà Left the alliance on October 24, 2009 and will joinà Star Allianceà in mid-2012. edit]Future members China Eastern Airlinesà will become a full member in mid-2011. Aerolineas Argentinasà will join SkyTeam as a full member in early 2012. Garuda Indonesiaà is set to join SkyTeam in 2012 Future member airline| Country| Joining| Member affiliates| Non-member affiliates| Aerolineas Argentinas[47]| à Argentina| 2012| à Austral Lineas Aereas| ââ¬â| China Airlines[38]| à Taiwan| Mid-2011| à Mandarin Airlines| ââ¬â| China Eastern Airlines[48]| à China| Mid-2011| à Shanghai Airlines| ââ¬â| Garuda Indonesia[44][49][50]| à Indonesia| Early-2012| ââ¬â| à Citilink| [edit]Possible future membersAirline| Country| Member affiliates| Non-member affiliates| Aer Lingus[51]| à Ireland| à Aer Lingus Regional| ââ¬â| Air Algerie[52]| à Algeria| ââ¬â| ââ¬â| Gulf Air[53]| à Bahrain| ââ¬â| ââ¬â| Jet Airways[54][55]| à India| ââ¬â| à Jet Konnect JetLite| Malaysia Airlines[56]| à Malaysia| à MASwings| à Firefly| Middle East Airlines| à Lebanon| ââ¬â| ââ¬â| Saudi Arabian Airlines[57]| à Saudi Arabia| ââ¬â| ââ¬â| ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- [edit]SkyTeam Cargo Main article:à SkyTeam Cargo SkyTeam Cargo is is a cargo division of SkyTeam. SkyTeam Cargo is the bigger f the worldââ¬â¢s two cargo alliances, ahead of its rivalà WOW Alliance. The cargo alliance partners eight members from the passenger alliance ââ¬âà Aeromexpress,à Air France Cargo,à Alitalia Cargo,à China Southern Cargo,à CSA Cargo,à Delta Air Logistics,à KLM Cargoà andà Korean Air Cargo. ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- [edit]Benefits and services [edit]Membersââ¬â¢ hubs Romeà Da Vinci Airportà Terminal 1 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 2 Mexico City International Airport Terminal 2 Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport Terminal 1 Member Airline| Country| Hub Airport(s)|Aeroflot| à Russia| Sheremetye vo International Airportà (Moscow)| Aerolineas Argentinasà (future member)| à Argentina Argentina| Aeroparque Jorge Newberyà (Buenos Aires) Ministro Pistarini International Airportà (Buenos Aires)| Aeromexico| à Mexico| Mexico City International Airport| Air Europa| à Spain| Madrid Barajas Airport| Air France| à France| Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport| Alitalia| à Italy| Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airportà (Rome)| China Airlinesà (future member)| à Taiwan| Taiwan Taoyuan International Airportà (Taipei)| China Eastern Airlinesà (future member)| à China China| Shanghai Hongqiao International AirportShanghai Pudong International Airport| China Southern Airlines| à China China| Beijing Capital International Airport Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport| Czech Airlines| à Czech Republic| Prague ââ¬â Ruzyne Airport| Delta Air Lines| à Netherlands USA USA USA USA USA USA France USA Japan| Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Hartsfieldââ¬âJackson Atlanta International Airport Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Memphis International Airport Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport John F. Kennedy International Airportà (New York) Paris-Charles de Gaulle AirportSalt Lake City International Airport Narita International Airportà (Tokyo)| Garuda Indonesiaà (future member)| à Indonesia Indonesia| Ngurah Rai International Airportà (Denpasar) Soekarnoââ¬âHatta International Airportà (Jakarta)| Kenya Airways| à Kenya| Jomo Kenyatta International Airportà (Nairobi)| KLM| à Netherlands| Amsterdam Airport Schiphol| Korean Air| à South Korea South Korea| Gimpo International Airportà (Seoul) Incheon International Airportà (Seoul)| TAROM| à Romania| Henri Coanda International Airportà (Bucharest)| Vietnam Airlines| à Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam| Noi Bai International Airportà (Hanoi)Long Thanh International Airportà (Ho Chi Minh City, future airport) T an Son Nhat International Airportà (Ho Chi Minh City)| [edit]Co-locations [edit]Asia Airport| Terminal| Beijing Capital International Airport| Terminal 2| Narita International Airportà (Tokyo)| Terminal 1 North Wing, exceptà China Southern Airlines andà Vietnam Airlinesà (Terminal 2)| Incheon International Airportà (Seoul)| Concourse A except,à Korean Airà (East Side of Main Terminal)| [edit]Europe Airport| Terminal| Henri Coanda International Airportà (Bucharest)| Terminal 1| à Frankfurt Airport| Terminal 2| London Heathrow Airport| Terminal 4|Madrid Barajas Airport| Terminal 1 (International) Terminal 2 (European and domestic), exceptà Czech Airlinesà andà TAROM(Terminal 4)| à Sheremetyevo International Airportà (Moscow)| Terminals D and E, exceptà Vietnam Airlinesà (Domodedovo International Airport)| à Charles de Gaulle Airportà (Paris)| Terminals 2E and 2F2 (International) Terminals 2D and 2F1 (European) 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F and 2G (Air France)| L eonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airportà (Rome)| Terminal 1| à Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport| Terminal 1, exceptà Aeroflot,à Tarom, andà Alitaliaà (Terminal 2)| [edit]North America Chicago Oââ¬â¢Hare International Airport Terminal 5Airport| Terminal| Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport| Concourses T, A, B, and D (Domestic) Concourse E (International)| à Oââ¬â¢Hare International Airportà (Chicago)| Terminal 5, except Delta (Terminal 2)| à Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport| Terminal 3| à Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport| Terminal D (KLM amp; Korean Air) Terminal E (Delta)| Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport| McNamara Terminal| à Mexico City International Airport| Terminal 2, exceptà Air Franceà andà KLMà (Terminal 1)| à Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport| Terminal 1 (future o-location)| à General Mariano Escobedo International Airport(Monterrey)| Terminal B| à John F. Kennedy International Airp ortà (New York)| Terminals 1 and 4 (International) Terminals 2 and 3 (Domestic)| San Francisco International Airport| Terminal A (International) Terminals 1 B and C (Domestic)| Los Angeles International Airport| Terminals 2, 6, and TBIT (International) Terminal 5 (Domestic)| Seattleââ¬âTacoma International Airport| South Satellite Terminal| à Toronto Pearson International Airport| Terminal 3, exceptà Alitaliaà (Terminal 1)| [edit]Premium statusSkyTeam has two premium levelsââ¬âEliteà andà Elite Plusââ¬âbased on a customerââ¬â¢s tier status in a member carrierââ¬â¢sà frequent-flyer program. Each of the member and associate airlines recognises the elite statuses, with a few exceptions. The statuses have no specific requirements of their own; membership is based solely on the frequent-flyer programs of individual member airlines. Airline and Frequent Flyer Programme| SkyTeam Elite Status| SkyTeam Elite Plus Status| Aeroflot| Aeroflot Bonus[58]| Silver| Gold| Aeromexico| Club Premier[59]| Gold| Platinum| Air EuropaAir France Kenya Airways KLM TAROM| Flying Blue[60]| Silver Gold*| Gold**Platinum| Alitalia| MilleMiglia[61]| Silver Ulisse| Freccia Alata Freccia Alata Plus| China Southern Airlines| Sky Pearl Club[62]| Silver| Gold Platinum| Czech Airlines| OK Plus[63]| Silver| Gold Platinum| Delta Air Lines| SkyMiles[64]| Silver Medallion Gold Medallion| Platinum Medallion Diamond Medallion| Korean Air| SKYPASS[65]| Morning Calm| Premium Million Miler| Vietnam Airlines| Golden Lotus Plus[66]| TitaniumSilver| Platinum| *Gold: US / Mexico residents **Gold: non-US / Mexico residents edit]SkyTeamà Elite SkyTeam Elite status is awarded to customers who have reached the pre mium level of a member carrierââ¬â¢s frequent flyer program. Benefits of SkyTeam Elite membership: * Priority reservations waitlisting * Priority airport standby * Priority boarding * Priority check-in * Preferred seating [edit]SkyTeamà Elite Plus SkyTeam Elite Plus status is awarded to customers who have reached the higher premium level of a member carrierââ¬â¢s frequent flyer program. Benefits of SkyTeam Elite Plus membership: * Priority reservations waitlisting Priority airport standby * Priority boarding * Priority airport check-in * Preferred seating * Priority baggage handling * Additional checked luggage allowance * Airport lounge access * Guaranteed reservations on sold-out flights * Express airport security (in some hub airports) ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- [edit]SkyTeam special livery SkyTeam launched in 2009 a special livery celebrating its 10-year anniversary. Th e livery consisted of an all-metallic silverà fuselageà and a dark blueà empennageà with SkyTeamââ¬â¢s logo on it.On the fuselage however, the alliance emblem is painted on both sides. As of November 2010, 13 aircraft wear the SkyTeam livery. OK-JFL, anà ATR 42à ofà Czech Airlinesà in special livery. (2009) Aircraft in SkyTeam livery[67]| Airline| Country| Aircraft| Registration| Completed| Aeroflot| à Russia| Airbus A330-300| VQ-BCQ| October 2009| Aerolineas Argentinas| à Argentina| TBA| Pending| Future| Aeromexico Aeromexico Connect*| à Mexico| Boeing 767-200ER Embraer ERJ-145| XA-JBC XA-CLI| May 2009 November 2010| Air Europa| à Spain| Boeing 737-800| Pending| Future|Air France| à France| Boeing 777-300ER| F-GZNE| June 2009| Alitalia| à Italy| Boeing 767-300ER| EI-DBP| May 2009| China Airlines| à Republic of China| TBA| Pending| Future| China Eastern Airlines| à Peopleââ¬â¢s Republic of China| TBA| Pending| Future| China Southern Airlines| à Peopleââ¬â¢s Republic of China| Boeing 777-200ER| B-2056| June 2009| Czech Airlines| à Czech Republic| ATR 42-500| OK-JFL| May 2009| Delta Air Lines| à USA| Boeing 767-400ER Boeing 757-200| N844MH N717TW| April 2009 September 2009| Garuda Indone sia| à Indonesia| TBA| Pending| Future| Kenya Airways| à Kenya| Boeing 737-800| Pending| Future| KLM| à Netherlands| Boeing 777-300ERBoeing 737-900| PH-BVD PH-BXO| August 2009 June 2010| Korean Air| à South Korea| Boeing 777-200ER| HL7733| October 2009| TAROM| à Romania| Boeing 737-800| Pending| Future| Vietnam Airlines| à Vietnam| Airbus A330-200| VN-A371| June 2010| * Aeromexicoââ¬â¢s subsidiary now has a SkyTeam livery, making Aeromexico the only member of the alliance with a SkyTeam livery for its affiliate. ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- [edit]Footnotes References 1. ^à Our SkyTeam Carriers 2. ^à ââ¬Å"SkyTeam Marks Major Milestones Toward A Centralized Organizationâ⬠. SkyTeam. com. 25 July 2009. 3. à ââ¬Å"Welcome to WTC. â⬠World Trade Center Schiphol. Retrieved on 10 February 2010. 4. ^à ââ¬Å"SkyTeam Facts ;amp; Figuresâ⬠. SkyTeam. Retrieved 6 October 2010. 5. ^à aà bà cà dà ââ¬Å"A History Of SkyTeamâ⬠. breakingtravelnews. com. 27/7/01. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 6. ^à ââ¬Å"Delta, Alitalia partnership secureâ⬠. Atlanta Business Chronicle. 25/8/01. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 7. ^à aà bà SkyTeam (20/9/01). ââ¬Å"SkyTeam Welcomes KLM Application for Membershipâ⬠. Press release. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 8. ^à SkyTeam (11/6/03). ââ¬Å"SkyTeam Launches Enhanced Web Site to Improve the Passenger Experienceâ⬠. Press release.Retrieved 1 October 2010. 9. ^à SkyTeam (24/5/04). ââ¬Å"SkyTeam Signs MOU With Aeroflot; Agreement preliminary step in new member joining processâ⬠. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 10. ^à ââ¬Å"Aeroflot plans to join SkyTeam allianceâ⬠. Atlanta Business Chronicles. 24/5/04. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 11. ^à ââ¬Å"Aeroflot eyes Sky Team membershipâ⬠. BBC News. 29/1/04. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 12. ^à SkyTeam (28/8/04). ââ¬Å"SkyTeam Signs Agreement With China Southern Airlines; Agreement preliminary step in new member joining processâ⬠. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 13. ^à aà bà SkyTeam (13/9/04). Continental, KLM And Northwest Join The SkyTeam Alliance; Solidifies Position as a Leading Global Allianceâ⬠. Press release. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 14. ^à ââ¬Å"NWA, KLM amp; Continental join Skyteam Allianceâ⬠. mb. com. ph. 20/9/04. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 15. ^à SkyTeam (14/4/06). [http://www. skyteam. com/news/headlines/20060414. htmlà ââ¬Å"Aeroflot Joins the SkyTeam Alliance Tenth Member Strengthens Position as a Leading Global Alliance and Extends Route Network Into High Growth Marketsâ⬠]. Press release. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 16. ^à ââ¬Å"Aeroflot sheds Soviet image to join ââ¬ËSkyTeam'â⬠. Forbes. 14/4/06/.Retrieved 4 October 2010. 17. ^à SkyTeam Focused on Alliance Development as Portugalia Airlines Becomes Associate Airline Candidate; China Southern Makes Progress Toward Membership Governing Board provides recruitment, network and services updatesà fromwww. skyteam. comà 2 June 2006 18. ^à SkyTeam (4/9/07). [http://www. skyteam. com/news/headlines/20070903. htmlà ââ¬Å"SkyTeam Strengthens Global Network with Addition of Three Associate Airlines Air Europa, Copa Airlines and Kenya Airways Officially Join SkyTeam Associate Programâ⬠]. Press release. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 19. ^à ââ¬Å"Kenya Airways And Two Others Join Sky Teamâ⬠.AllAfrica. com. 6/9/07. 20. ^à SkyTeam. com (15 November 2007). ââ¬Å"SkyTeam Welcomes China Southern Airlines as First Chinese Carrierâ⬠. Press release. 21. ^à aà bà SkyTeam (1/4/09). ââ¬Å"SkyTeam names Managing Director, Introduces Aircraft Liveryâ⬠. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 22. ^à Hensel, Bill (29/1/09). ââ¬Å"Continental to leave SkyTeam alliance in Octoberâ⬠. Chron. com. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 23. ^à Continental Airlines To Leave SkyTeam For Star Allianceà (Official Press Release: June 19, 2008) 24. ^à ââ¬Å"Continental plans United tie-up; will leave SkyTeam for Star Allianceâ⬠. Timesonline. co. uk. 20/6/08.Retrieved 17 November 2010. 25. ^à SkyTeam (9/3/10). ââ¬Å"China Southern Airlines to Join Skyteam Cargo in 2010â⬠. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 26. ^à SkyTeam (16/4/10). ââ¬Å"China Eastern to join SkyTeamâ⬠. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 27. ^à aà bà SkyTeam (10/6/10). ââ¬Å"Vietnam Airlines Joins SkyTeamâ⬠. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 28. ^à aà bà SkyTeam (22/6/10). ââ¬Å"SKYTEAM CELEBRATES TENTH ANNIVERSARYâ⬠. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 29. ^à ââ¬Å"SkyTeam triples membership in first decade, upgrades three airlines, signs pilot JVâ⬠. Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. 23/6/10. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 0. ^à Cameron, Doug (22/6/10). ââ¬Å"SkyTeam Makes Kenya Airways, Air Europa Full Alliance Membersâ⬠. Retrieved 23 June 2010. [dead link] 31. ^à SkyTeam. com 32. ^à SkyTeam (8/7/10). ââ¬Å"SkyTeam Offers Lower Fares with Round the World Promotionâ⬠. Press release. Retrieved 23 October 2010. 33. ^à Skyteam. ââ¬Å"SKYTEAM NEWSFLASH AUGUST 2010â⬠. Press release. Retrieved 23 October 2010. 34. ^à ââ¬Å"SkyTeam looking for new partners in Latin America, Asia and Africaâ⬠. eTurboNews. 23/6/10. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 35. ^à ââ¬Å"Delta says SkyTeam could invest more in JAL ââ¬â WSJâ⬠. Thomson Reutersà (Forbes. com). 20/11/09. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 6. ^à ââ¬Å"Japan Airlines Opts To Remain In Oneworld Allianceâ⬠. AviationNews. 16/2/10. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 37. ^à ââ¬Å"JAL to stay with American Airlines: Reportsâ⬠. The Economic Times. 8/2/10. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 38. ^à aà bà SkyTeam (14/9/10). ââ¬Å"China Airlines Joins SkyTeamâ⬠. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 39. ^à SkyTeam (19/10/10). ââ¬Å"SkyTeam to Welcome Aerolineas Argentinas as Future Memberâ⬠. Press release. Retrieved 20 October 2010. 40. ^à Aaron, Karp (20/10/10). ââ¬Å"Aerolineas Argentinas to become first SkyTeam member in South Americaâ⬠. ATW Air Transport World. Retrieved 20 October 2010. 41. à ââ¬Å"Aerolineas Argentinas joins SkyTeamâ⬠. eTravel Blackboard. /21/10/10. Retrieved 21 October 2010. 42. ^à ââ¬Å"Shanghai Airlines to join SkyTeam allianceâ⬠. TradingMarkets. com. 2/11/10. Retrieved 6 November 2010. 43. ^à Skyteam (1/11/10). ââ¬Å"Shanghai Airlines To Become Part of SkyTeamâ⬠. Press release. Retrieved 6 November 2010. 44. ^à aà bà SkyTeam (23/11/10). ââ¬Å"Garuda Indonesia Joins SkyTeamâ⬠. Press release. Retrieved 24 November 2010. 45. ^à ââ¬Å"SkyTeam Milestonesâ⬠à (PDF). SkyTeam. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 46. ^à ââ¬Å"Our SkyTeam Carriersâ⬠. SkyTeam. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 47. ^à Mutzabaugh, Ben (19/10/10). ââ¬Å"SkyTeam to add Aerolineas Argentinasâ⬠. USA Today. Retrieved 19 October 2010. 48. ^à China Eastern to join SkyTeam, SkyTeam press release, 16 April 2010 49. ^à Govindasamy, Siva (19/11/10). ââ¬Å"Garuda to ink SkyTeam agreement next weekâ⬠. Flight Global. 50. ^à Rangga D. Fadillah (19/11/10). ââ¬Å"Garuda Indonesia to join SkyTeamâ⬠. Jakarta, Indonesia: The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 20 November 2010. 51. ^à ââ¬Å"[1]â⬠ââ¬Å"Aer Lingus Back in the Game,â⬠from Aviation Week,â⬠15 September 2010 52. ^à Le Figaroââ¬â Air Algerie to join SkyTeam 53. ^à ââ¬Å"BA-IBERIA ââ¬ËEYEING GULF AIR TAKEOVER'â⬠. Gulf-daily-news. com. 7/9/10. Retrieved 30 October 2010. 54. ^à Mathews, Neelam (27/10/10). Jet Airways Mulls Joining SkyTeamâ⬠. Avationweek. com. Retrieved 29 October 2010. 55. ^à Dunn, Graham (5/11/10). ââ¬Å"SkyTeam members could top 20 by 2012: chairmanâ⬠. Flight Global. Retrieved 6 November 2010. 56. ^à Possible new membersà fromà atwonline. com, 3 April 2009 57. ^à Saudia to join global allianceà fromwww. arabnews. comà 4 November 2010 58. ^à ââ¬Å"About Aeroflot Bonusâ⬠. Aeroflot. 59. ^à ââ¬Å"Club Premierâ⬠. Aeromexico. 60. ^à ââ¬Å"Flying Blue at a glanceâ⬠. Air France. 61. ^à ââ¬Å"Millemigliaâ⬠. Alitalia. 62. ^à ââ¬Å"About Sky Pearl Clubâ⬠. China Southern Airlines. 63. ^à ââ¬Å"OK Plusâ⬠. Czech Airlines. 64. ^à ââ¬Å"About SkyMilesâ⬠. Delta Air Lines. 5. ^à ââ¬Å"SKYPASSâ⬠. Korean Air. 66. ^à Vietnam Airlines ââ¬â Membership Tiers 67. ^à ââ¬Å"SKYTEAM Livery fact Sheetâ⬠. SkyTeam. Bibliography * ââ¬Å"A History Of SkyTeamâ⬠. breakingtravelnews. com. 27/7/01. Retrieved 30 September 2010. ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- [edit]External links | Wikimedia Commons has media related to:à SkyTeam| | Wikiquoteà has a collection of quotations related to:à Skyteam| | Netherlands portal| | Aviation portal| * Official SkyTeam website * SkyTeam Cargo [show]và â⬠¢Ã dà â⬠¢Ã eCommercial air travel| | Anà airline allianceà is an agreement between two or moreà airlinesà to cooperate on a substantial level.The three largest passenger alliances are theà Star Alliance,à SkyTeamà andà Oneworld. Alliances also form betweenà cargo airlines, such as that ofWOW Alliance,à SkyTeam Cargoà andà ANA/UPS Alliance. Alliances provide a network of connectivity and convenience for international passengers and international packages. Alliances also provide convenient marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airlineà codeshareà connections wi thin countries. This branding goes as far as to even include unifiedà aircraft liveriesà among member airlines. Contentsà [hide] * 1à Rationale * 2à Issues * 3à History * 4à Alliances * 4. à Notes * 5à References| ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- [edit]Rationale Benefits can consist of: * An extended and optimised network: this is often realised throughà code sharingà agreements. Many alliances started as only a code sharing network. * Cost reduction from sharing of: * Sales offices * Maintenance facilities * Operational facilities, e. g. catering or computer systems. * Operational staff, e. g. ground handling personnel, at check-in and boarding desks. * Investments and purchases, e. g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts. * Traveler benefits can include: Lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route. * More departure times to choose from on a given route. * More destinations within easy reach. * Shorter travel times as a result of optimised transfers. * A wider range ofà airport loungesà shared with alliance members * Faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers. * Round-the-world tickets, enabling travelers to fly over the world for a relatively low price. Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveler, such as: * Higher prices when all competition is erased on a certain route. Less frequent flights: for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5(3+2) times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline. e. g. , flights between Detroit (a Delta Air Linesà fortress hub) and Amsterdam (a KLM fortress hub). ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- [edit]Issues The ability of an airline to join an alliance is often restricted by laws and regulations or subject to approval by authorities. Antitrustà laws play a large role.Landing rights may not be owned by the airlines themselves but by the nation in which their head office resides. If an airline loses its national identity by merging to a large extent with a foreign company, existing agreements may be declared void by a country which objects to the merger. In 2010 Swiss lost overflight rights after being bought by Lufthansaà [1]. ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- [edit]History The first airline alliance started in the 1930s, whenà Pan American-Grace Airwaysà and parent companyà Pan American World Airwaysà agreed to exchange routes toà Latin America.The first large alliance started in 1989, when Northwest and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines agreed to code sharing on a large scale. A huge step was taken in 1992 when The Netherlands signed the firstà open skiesà agreement with the United States, in spite of objections from theà European Unionà authorities. This gave both countries unrestricted landing rights on each othersââ¬â¢ soil. Normally landing rights are granted for a fixed number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment takes negotiating, often between governments rather than between the companies involved. How to cite Sky Team 2, Papers
Wednesday, April 29, 2020
Standardized Configurations across the Network
Introduction Standardization configuration of DeVryââ¬â¢s campus network will enable various VLAN members to share information very easily. Nevertheless, at this juncture the standardization initiative must embrace the needs of traffic patterns, design requirements and camera density. As such, this report will address the configuration issues which pertain to the various elements of the network.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Standardized Configurations across the Network specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Four camera VLANs Four Camera VLANs will require the installation of cameras to be IP oriented and will be operated in VLAN 600. The cameras will be controlled by 2 switches with a port access such as Cisco 2960 which must embrace the standard requirements. Operation from the switches will enable operators to communicate easily with the server In this case, SF302-8P is highly recommended since the cameras wil l be operating in a highly populated environment (Samuel, 2009). Local VLAN database Local VLAN database, the guiding principle in this configuration is to operate the size of a particular layer 2 section network to ensure that communication and traffic density does not exceed the capacity of the network section. This scenario applies to DeVryââ¬â¢s campus network given the high traffic and data. To transfer data, VLAN must be recognized by the switches mentioned above. Configuration of the local VLAN will also be identified from a switch which has the Trunking Protocol database (Samuel, 2009). Standard trunking protocol with nondefault native VLAN Standard trunking protocol with nondefault native VLAN enhances identification of VLAN data frames that are moving between the switches. This also enables the trunks to carry traffic from the VLANS within the network; moreover, they will also be modified to carry particular VLAN traffic. The trunking mechanisms to be used will be confi gured according to Cisco switch configurations. Nonstandard management VLAN Nonstandard management VLAN system works with command switch to automatically recognize a new switch that has not be configured. In this regard, the command switch delivers instructions to the nonstandard management to ensure conformity. Prior to the inclusion of a new switch, the network cluster must be linked to the port where VLAN management cluster can be accessed (Samuel, 2009). Standard hostnames The standard host names will be developed according to the proffered set of host names. As indicated in RFC #226. The host names to be used in this network will comprise of at least 6 characters. The guideline to be used will identify the site and the machine. The users will rely on keywords of the site, standard acronyms, or standard abbreviation. However, in case the network team finds the above recommendations inapplicable, selected mnemonics will be used. Local authentication database Authentication of the database will enhance data security in the organization. Configuration of the network privileges is therefore important to enable the campus network administrators to enhance efficiency and protection of vital information. In this case, privilege authentication will be achieved by using a switch that embraces AAA mode of authentication (Samuel, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More SSH transport for VTY ports SSH transport for VTY ports will enable the above mentioned authentication to work. Therefore, to achieve this network engineers will incorporate enabled AAA model to particular specified AAA authentication. This also involves identifying the AAA authentication to be pursued for instance, whether it is tacacs, local based or radius (Samuel, 2009). Password-protect on all out-of-band management ports Password-protect on all out-of-band management ports are very important for the campus to provide adequate security control. The initiative will enable the network users to ensure improved productivity due to elimination of potential interferences. To attain this, the network engineers will use 1700 which is the best catalyst out-of-band management to arrange, examine and test the each port. Naming standards for all devices The naming standards for devices are very important when conducting an audit on the performance of both hardware and software devices used in the network system. The audit is also useful in providing configuration adjustments for improving the performance. Cisco based standards such RME is applied in auditing device performance and provides information on different modules, hardware and software devices (Samuel, 2009). Cable identification Cable identification in network system is very important to enhance efficient network operations. The most reliable identification method to be used in this case is Cad-Connect labeling system which is essential in saving time and elimination of errors by using prior CAD files that reduces manual operations in data entry. IP addressing scheme using RFC IP addressing scheme using RFC 1918 addresses to be used in this case is 10.0.0.0/8 which is recommended for private organizations such a campus. This is chosen because it operates TCP/IP without difficulties. However, IP addressing scheme will only be limited for use within the internal network since it tends to limit connections with other external networks such as the public network system. Indication of how devices will acquire addresses IP addressing scheme identifies network device assignments, subnet assignments and size of the subnet. The IP address to be used in this case will reduce chances of overlapping or duplicating the subnets. This relies on established IP standards which automatically assigns addresses within particular subnets from routers to switches. VLAN membership The VLAN membership recommended for the network will be Dynamic VLANs where switches delegate the ports to the VLAN by relying on the information from applier device through IP address. This therefore reveals the devices which obtain addresses through IP address system (Samuel, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Standardized Configurations across the Network specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Concerns on the current network design Since the organization will adopt switch oriented network system, concerns will emanate from issues of design as many of the campus network administrators are not used to the new system. Adapting the new network topology may therefore come with some challenges which emanate from difficulties in mastering the switch based system. Reference Samuel, F. (2009). Octopus: The Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Network. Rogerdmoore.ca. Archived from the original on 2012 VLANs.345-350 This essay on Standardized Configurations across the Network was written and submitted by user Scott Stephenson to help you with your own studies. 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